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Submillimeter galaxies are ancient, dense, massive galaxies with up to 10 times the number of stars in the Milky Way, and for a long time, scientists couldn’t even figure out how they existed in the first place.
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Sources:
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4028
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1401.1510.pdf
https://www.universetoday.com/135177/submillimeter-early-universes-formation/
https://www.astro.princeton.edu/~jgreene/AST542/prachisubmm.pdf
https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.05898
Images:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SDSS_J162702.56%2B432833.9.jpg
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30955
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10128
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20241
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4028
https://archive.org/details/CHAN-237
https://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2005/smg/animations.html
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30941
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